Epidemiologic Study design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Epidemiologic Study design - Essay Example This study design finds good application in epidemiology for investigating conditions which are relatively rare and in conditions with long latency periods. A researcher performs analysis by looking back in time to evaluate the case and control groups in terms of exposure history and indication of characteristics that may put the subjects at risk for developing the condition under study. Analysis is conducted under the assumption that differences in the history of exposure will explain the occurrence of more cases than controls (Portney and Watkins, 2009). The two main strengths of case-control studies are: ease in gathering subjects, and their utility to provide estimates which may support causal relationship between risk factors and the condition (disease) in combination with other evidences (Portney and Watkins, 2009). Case-control studies are, somehow, limited in the sense that there is a possibility of uncertainty in the temporal relationship between the exposure and the condition (disease). Another limitation in this type of study design is that the proportion of cases and controls in the study is not related to the proportion of cases and controls in the population. Case control studies require further analysis pertaining to the potential for bias (Portney and Watkins, 2009). Moreover, in a case-control study design, control of selection is difficult; it may be applied to the study of only one disease outcome at a time and is usually subject to recall bias (Jekel, Katz and Elmore, 2001). In a case-control study, neither absolute risk nor odds can not be measured since â€Å"it is only possible to calculate risk in a study where subjects have been followed forward in time† (Daly and Bourke, 2000, p. 166). However, Daly and Bourke (2000) revealed that â€Å"the cross-product ratio in a case-control study, which legitimately estimates the ratio of the odds of exposure, must also be a valid estimate of the ration of

Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez Essay

Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez Works Cited Not Included Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia-Marquez, is a story that brings one to question the code of honor that exists in the Columbian town. Marquez' paints a picture that shows how societal values, such as honor, have become more important than the inherent good of human life. The Vicario brothers' belief that their sister was done wrong was brought upon by this honor, along with racial and social tension. The dangerous path of both honor and religious faith caused Santiago's untimely death. "'Before God and before men,' Pablo Vicario said. 'It was a matter of honor'" (Marquez 56). In the town honor is taken very seriously and any action taken to protect one's own honor or family's honor is never questioned. If someone loses their honor, they automatically become an outcast in the society. Angela Vicario's father had "lost his sight from doing so much fine work in gold in order to maintain the honor of the house" (33). When Angela Vicario explained she lost her virginity to Santiago Nasar, the honor and respect of the family was lost. The Vicario brothers felt it was their purpose to keep some sort of semblance of honor to their family name. Angela's supposed premarital relations with Santiago Nasar were enough in this culture to warrant death. The idea that honor can cross the boundaries of religion is considered to be very powerful. It is an action in which one can take the life of someone else. The act of killing someone becomes a powerful and almost godlike statement. Honor can extend beyond the reaches of religion, as shown in this story. Angela Vicario could have been beaten to death because she infring... ...d the bishop does not get off his ship that he is traveling on and instead asks to eat cock-comb soup, one that is costly to make and considered to be a sexual innuendo. He only offers his blessing on the boat nearly a few hundred yards off shore. The people take pride in how they are of religious faith, yet a whorehouse and constant sexual relations saturates everyone in the town. Marquez in Chronicle of a Death Foretold attempts to show that people naturally blur the interpretation of their own beliefs. The honor code that exists in the town is merely outdated. The hypocritical system of honor and religion breeds infidelity, murder, and deceit. The Vicario brothers abused honor and God's repentance as reasons for their act. In this town, religion and honor can be a dangerous force to merge, and Santiago Nasar was an innocent victim right in the way.

Stems Cells And Regenerative Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay

With root cell therapy scientists hope to bring around diseases and replace damaged tissues and variety meats in the human organic structure. Stem cell research for the possible application of cell based therapy in dental medicine has incited a considerable sum of exhilaration. At present dentitions can merely be replaced with conventional prosthetic device such as removable or fixed dental prosthetic device and implants. Some initial success utilizing dental root cells in vitro every bit good as in vivo animate being theoretical accounts promises a sensible hereafter for the curative usage of root cells in regenerative dental medicine [ 1 ] . In my findings I have explored two types of human root cells in relation to regenerative dental medicine. They are human dental root cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ( iPSCs ) . The intent of my research was to find what root cells are and its place in regenerative dental medicine. Keywords: Regenerative dental medicine, tissue technology, root cells, dental root cells, induced pluripotent root cells.Stem cellsThere are soon three types of human root cells used in biomedical research, Human Embryonic Stem Cells ( hESCs ) , Adult ( Somatic ) Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem cells ( iPSCs ) . Stem cells are unspecialized cells found in the organic structure that give rise to specialized cells of a specific tissue type. They can split and self-renew for indefinite periods throughout the life-time of an being. They are capable of asymmetrical division into farther root cells and symmetrical division into committed primogenitor cells. They are classified harmonizing to their possible to distinguish which is totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent. In the early phases of human development, the fertilised egg known as the Zygote is considered to be totipotent ( Latin: totus significance full and potens intending power ) . It has the possible to give rise to an full being including the extra-embryonic tissue of the placenta and umbilical cord. During the blastodermic vessicle phase of embryogenesis, the cells found in the inner cell mass are known as Embryonic Stem Cells ( ESC ‘s ) . ESC ‘s are capable of giving rise to all three sources beds in the human organic structure and are later responsible for coevals of all tissues and variety meats, excepting extra-embryonic tissues. ESC ‘s are considered pluripotent ( Latin: plurimus intending really many, potens intending power ) . Adult ( Somatic ) Stem Cells ( ASCs ) are theoretically present in every type of tissue, found in a root cell niche [ 1, 9 ] . In grownups, root cells serve as an internal fix system to refill and replace damaged cells in tissues and variety meats. Bodily Stem cells are somewhat more specialized than ESCs as they can largely distinguish into the cell types of the tissue in which they reside. ASCs are hence considered multipotent. Due to rapid new f inds in Stem Cell Science, scientists have introduced a 3rd type of human root cells known as Induced Pluripotent Stem cells ( iPSCs ) . IPSCs are bodily cells that are genetically manipulated to presume an embryologic root cell like province. They express the pluripotency potency of embryologic root cells. This successfully circumvents ethical issues environing the usage of ESC ‘s, therefore progressing the pertinence of root cells in regenerative medical specialty [ 4, 5 ] .Figure 1Diagram picturing ESCs, which through immunosurgery is derived from a 3-5 twenty-four hours preimplantation embryo known as a blastodermic vessicleTissue technology and DentistryTissue technology is the interdisciplinary field of medical pattern that applies the rules of biomedical scientific discipline to reparative medical specialty. In regenerative dental medicine, two types of tissue technology have been described. The first is conventional tissue technology for regeneration of dental tissue u tilizing mesenchymal cells in vitro. The 2nd is whole tooth regeneration utilizing mesenchymal cells and dental epithelial tissue in vivo [ 1 ] . The footing of whole dentition or single dental tissue regeneration is dependent on the acquisition of suited root cells and suited environmental conditions.Figure 2Diagram picturing the construct of utilizing a tissue technology attack to make new mush tissue and let for completion of the perpendicular and sidelong root formation in a immature tooth that had mush mortification induced by injury [ 2 ] .Stem cells in clinical dental medicineIn order to understand the pertinence of root cells in regenerative dental medicine, a clear apprehension of the procedures of embryogenesis and odontogenesis ( tooth development ) is indispensable. The cells involved in odontogenesis are of ectomesenchymal beginning. During embryogenesis, the nervous crest cells arising from the exoderm of the nervous tubing and mesenchymal cells arising from paraxial m esoblast interact to organize the enamel organ and dental papilla. The enamel organ is the lone organ of epithelial beginning involved in odontogenesis. All other constructions of a tooth are of mesenchymal beginning. During odontogenesis distinction occurs through cell communicating. This is done via signalling molecules and growing factors. A tooth has two anatomical parts ; the Crown covered with enamel exposed in the oral cavity and the root which is embedded in the jaw. Around the tooth the periodontic ligament attaches the cementum to the difficult sheet of the alveolar bone [ 1, 2 ] . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jopdentonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/odnt/2006/15592863-31.6/06-000/production/images/large/i1559-2863-31-6-633-f05.jpeg Figure 3 [ 2 ] hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jopdentonline.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/pinnacle/journals/content/odnt/2006/15592863-31.6/06-000/production/images/medium/i1559-2863-31-6-633-f01.jpg Diagram picturing the molecular signaling XT between 2 cellsDental Stem cellsThe tissues of a tooth are enamel, dentin, cementum and mush. With the exclusion of the ameloblasts progenitor cells which give rise to enamel, all root cells involved in odontogenesis are of mesenchymal beginning. Dental root cells are bodily root cells. Information on human embryologic alveolar consonant root cells is non yet available [ 1 ] . Dental mush root cells ( DPSCs ) can be derived from dental mush. Dental mush can be obtained from 3rd grinders or pulpectomised dentitions. In odontogenesis dental follicle plays a major function in the development of cementum, periodontic ligament and alveolar bone. Dental follicle root cells ( DFSCs ) can be obtained from wedged 3rd grinders. Periodontic Ligament root cells ( PDLSCs ) can be derived from the roots of extracted dentitions. PDL which suspends the tooth in its air sac contains stem cells that can give rise to cementum and ligament. Stem cells from the apical portion of the papilla ( SCAPs ) are precursors of the dental mush. SCAPs are gettable from wedged 3rd grinders. Stem cells from human deciduous dentitions ( SHEDs ) can easy be obtained from the coronal mush of exfoliated deciduous dentitions. The easy handiness of mesenchymal dent al root cells makes them a suited campaigner for cell based therapies in dental medicine. Their high proliferative capacity and potency to distinguish into cementoblasts, odontoblasts, PDL primogenitors, bone-forming cells and assorted other cells implicated in odontogenesis, promises a prospective hereafter for dental root cells in clinical dental medicine. Soon the application of root cells in clinical dental medicine is hindered by many ‘roadblocks ‘ such as ill-timed eruption of dentitions, morphology of the generated tooth and most significantly the current impossibleness of renewing human dental enamel [ 1 ] .Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ( iPSCs ) and orodental diseasesApart from ethical quandary that have long surrounded the derivation of human ESC ‘s from developing embryos, its immunoincompatability for usage in developing disease-specific iPSC lines in vitro from patients has besides impeded its application in regenerative medical specialty. Throu gh coincident overexpression of certain cistrons, iPSC lines can be produced in vitro utilizing assorted human cells. After derivation, iPSCs undergo word picture techniques and teratoma checks. Successful iPSC lines can be equated to hESC ‘s in proliferative and developmental possible [ 4, 5, 10, 11 ] . The recent promotions in IPS engineering have brought its application to the head of biomedical research. Previously iPSC ‘s were genetically manipulated through the usage of viruses and episomal vectors for genomic integrating. This methodological analysis proved inefficient. Since so new methods have been introduced to deduce iPSC ‘s free of vector and transgene DNA. With the usage of man-made messenger RNA to bring on pluripotency and distinction, scientists are able to accomplish cellular reprogramming by pull stringsing the whole genome system instead than a little set of maestro cistrons. When biochemically coaxed, iPSC lines are able to distinguish into cell types of assorted diseases. The ability to animate disease specific root cells from givers, whose genome is present, makes disease patterning more dependable. This allows for a better apprehension of the pathogeneses of diseases and its variableness amongst patients. The ability to carry on drug proving on huma n disease-models will besides progress the efficaciousness of toxicity trials and farther drug development. Some disease-specific iPSC lines have already provided a deeper apprehension of disease complexness and mechanisms. The possibility of utilizing iPSCs to handle orodental diseases could be a powerful curative tool in clinical dental medicine [ 4, 5 ] .DecisionThe usage of root cells in regenerative dental medicine is still in its pre-clinical stage as at that place many hurdlings yet to get the better of. The current impossibleness of renewing ameloblasts primogenitor cells to bring forth enamel is amongst the many obstructions impeding whole tooth regeneration. However, the possibility of animating autologous dental primogenitor cells and tissues in vitro holds a promising hereafter for alveolar consonant cell based therapies. The usage of IPS engineering in dental medicine is a new construct, although its application in making disease specific lines and perchance reprogrammi ng familial orodental diseases will surely profit the hereafter of clinical dental medicine. The successful usage of root cell scientific discipline in regenerative dental medicine will surely guarantee that the twenty-first century tooth doctor plays a critical function in the field of regenerative medical specialty [ 4 ] .Methods of researchThe literature used to carry on this research was obtained from Medical Journal Publishing websites. This included PubMed and the National Institutes of Health. Additional beginnings included correspondence from the Director of the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ( ICGEB ) , every bit good as a Postgraduate pupil in Developmental Biology. For instruction and a deeper apprehension of Cell biological science, DNA, chromosomes and viruses to understand root cell scientific discipline the Khan Academy was used.

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Research Paper

Since its first publication in 1884, Mark Twain’s masterpiece The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has proven to be one of history’s most controversial novels; especially recently, the novel has often been banned by schools and censored by libraries. Characters in the book are constantly using disparaging language toward slaves, and the repeated use of the word â€Å"nigger† makes many sensitive and offended. Critics denounce the novel and Mark Twain as racist for this word being insulting and politically incorrect and for its depiction of black people and how they are treated. However, Twain was not attempting to perpetuate racism; on the contrary, he used satire to expose the ignorance and paradoxical views held by many in America at that time.†¦show more content†¦Huck learns humanity from Jim; without Jim, Huck would be restricted to stealing and lying. Author Charles Nichols maintains that â€Å"the heart of Huckleberry Finn is, of course, the develo ping moral sense of the boy Huck. This growth depends upon his recognition of the humanity of the slave Jim† (212). Twain clearly shows that Jim is extremely moralistic, whose primary function is to further the characterization of Huck by his presence, personality, actions, and words. Additionally, critics object to the novel because it is unfit for children and its language is unsuitable or offensive. Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist Jane Smiley contends that â€Å"to invest The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn with ‘greatness’ is to underwrite a very simplistic and evasive theory of what racism is and to promulgate it† and that placing in context Huck’s use of the word â€Å"nigger† is inexcusable (64). In the nineteenth century, blacks were consistently referred to as â€Å"niggers†; if Twain had denied that, the novel’s story would have seemed historically inaccurate and essentially meaningless, instead of demonstrating how evil slavery and racism are. If the novel was rewritten to appease the affronted masses, slavery and racism would not even come into play, making Jim’s escape unnecessary, and ultimately reducing the novel from a great piece of American literature to a comical story. Barbara Jackson, professor of education at Fordham University, states, â€Å"the word was so commonly used thatShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1164 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature March 2, 2016 Research Paper In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain writes about the events in Huckleberry Finn’s life and the people around him. Huckleberry Finn tells the tale of life in the nineteenth century through the eyes of a 14-year-old boy struggling to find his place in this society. Throughout the story Huck deals with several moral issues; such as slavery, his distrust of society, and social order. In this essay I will discuss moral issues that Huck Finn faces in the storyRead MoreResearch Paper Mark Twain1306 Words   |  6 PagesIsabella Thomaz Donna Hunter - Period 2 Research Paper - Mark Twain October 26, 2012 MARK TWAIN: A REMARKABLE MAN WHO PAINTED THE WORLD â€Å"Classic - a book which people praise and dont read.† When Samuel L. Clemens (more often referred to as Mark Twain) said this, he meant it in a humorous sense, but he also wanted people to understand it’s meaning. People call books like Huck Finn and Gatsby classics, yet the idea that these books are actually read by everyone isn’t so. Twain isn’t justRead MoreMark Twain3000 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Mark Twain’s Impact on American Literature. Multi-Genre Research Paper Table of Contents: Prologue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.3 Expository Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.4-6 Multi-Genre Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-12 Epilogue†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Works Cited †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Prologue. When I was thinking about the topic for my research paper I could not come up with any ideas. Then I looked through my entire English binder andRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1154 Words   |  5 PagesDecember, 2014 Transcendentalism in Huck Finn Many Readers gain much knowledge from the works Of Mark Twain. Huck Finn is one of the works of the last two hundred years. The author, Mark Twain was a famous Transcendentalist that gained popularity in the 19th century. In research of his works, Mark Twain’s novels involved many transcendentalist ideas. Huck Finn is one of key factors in the ideals of transcendentalist. The novel, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twains works to spread the ideaRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2388 Words   |  10 PagesStay in School, Huck Finn! Intro Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s most popular and perhaps most controversial book. It is celebrated by many to be the quintessential classic american novel, depicting boyhood adventure along the mighty Mississippi River in the mid seventeenth century. But, simultaneously, many also feel that the book is unsuitable for the classroom. Its controversy lies in the notion by some that it is racist and promotes racism, while humiliating black students. MuchRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain2239 Words   |  9 PagesTim Moran Mr. McMullen 531-06 3 March 2015 Term Paper Final Draft All American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since. These famous words by Ernest Hemingway, a world renowned author, go to prove that Huckleberry Finn truly is a literary masterpiece. Even though Huckleberry Finn is classified as one of the best novels ever created does not mean that it is filled withRead MoreTwains Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essay2827 Words   |  12 PagesResearch Paper on Twains Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚   Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a young boys coming of age in the Missouri of the mid-1800’s.   It is the story of Hucks struggle to win freedom for himself and Jim, a Negro slave.   Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twain’s greatest book, and a delighted world named it his masterpiece.   To nations knowing it well - Huck riding his raft in every language men could print - it was AmericasRead MoreCensorship Of Classic Books1325 Words   |  6 PagesTitle: Research Paper Censorship of Classic Novels in Canada and the United States Ashley Sprague 7607211 College Reading and Writing Skills/ COMM1085 Dawn Grimmer Many novelists in today’s society have the growing responsibility of censoring their work, ultimately loosing their freedom of expression. Canada is no different from other countries who have begun the long list of â€Å"banned and challenged classic novels.† Most of the Canadian population can remember studying Harper Lee’s ToRead MoreThe Adentures of Huckleberry Finn1524 Words   |  7 Pages Wisdom is to maturity as writing a paper is to taking an English course. And wisdom can only be gained through life experience, good, bad, or in between. Huck’s maturity is developed through his adventure down the Mississippi River, where he must make â€Å"adult† choices that will affect not only him but his dependent friend, Jim, showing that all kids need is to be given responsibility in order to become responsible. In the beginning of the novel, Huck’s life is completely controlledRead More Mark Twain Essay2338 Words   |  10 Pagescomfortable reading the language they used in public. William Gibson belies that, â€Å"Twain developed one of the great styles in the English language because he had a firm grasp of the American vernacular†(qtd. in Long 205).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His letters to the Keokuk Papers in St. Louis proved to be most successful for Clemens. He signed these letters with the pseudonym Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass. His narrations made the western readers feel more intelligent by laughing at the character’s idiocy. â€Å"Snodgrass† would continue